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As per the model, evaluation should always start off with level one, followed by levels two, three, and four if time and budgets permit. Since Kirkpatrick stated his original model, other theorists like Jack Phillips, have referred to a fifth level, namely, Return On Investment (ROI). It was while writing his thesis in 1952 that Donald Kirkpatrick became interested in evaluating training programs. MORE
People talk about the Philips model (aka ROI) , the Kaufman model , Roger Kaufman’s work, and Rob Brinkerhoff as well through the success case methodology. And okay, if we can just walk through each of the four models you talked about–Kirkpatrick, Phillips, Kaufman, and Brinckerhoff–and maybe you can explain to people, especially people who may not have heard of any of these, what they are and what are some pros and cons of each. Jack & Patti Phillips: [link]. MORE
When you think about ROI, you likely think of businesses and service organizations. In recent years, however, there has been a rise of ROI use among nonprofits, non-governmental organizations, governments and healthcare. How are these organizations using the ROI Methodology to show the value of their projects and programs? The Phillips ROI Methodology is a 10-step process organizations can use to show the value of programs and initiatives. Phillips, Ph.D., MORE
Tuesday, May 1, 2018, 11AM – 12PM PT: The ROI Dilemma: Measuring Results of Your Learning Programs (Free for ATD members) Significant resources are being allocated to training and development across most organizations, but many companies still find themselves unsure of results. L&D can’t prove ROI using the same methods other parts of the business do. Much of the effort around expensive ILT is focused on reducing costs as a means of improving ROI. MORE
Jack and Patti Phillips of the ROI Institute argue that training organizations that don't have an extensive measurement and evaluation system are likely to see a reduction or elimination of their budget. Knowledgepool surveyed over 200 learning and HR professionals and concluded that training budgets are reduced when the individuals responsible for the function fail to demonstrate the business value that their programs provide to the larger organization. MORE
In fact, the CFO usually has approval for the budget before the CEO approves it. For more than 100 years, CFOs have been using ROI for capital expenditures. One told us, “They already hate us because of the budget process, now they are going to hate us even more when they perceive us as measuring their performance.” CFOs may have no idea how to connect leadership development to a financial ROI, but chances are, you do. Phillips is the chairman and Patti P. MORE
Budgets have been cut or are under scrutiny. Here are 7 ways to minimize resources and still show the value of a major program at the impact and ROI levels. It’s important for every member of the team to share the responsibilities for designing, developing and delivering impact and ROI. MORE
New post Evaluating Training – Capturing the Benefits Aspect of ROI on Obsidian Learning. Reactions to a learning event are important and the happy sheets do serve a purpose, but will they really provide enough hard data for informed decision making when greater investment in training is needed, budgets are cut, competition for resources is fierce, and times get tough? Calculating ROI. The formula to calculate ROI in this way is: ROI (%) = Benefit – Cost x 100 Cost. MORE
I share an eLearning ROI case study that demonstrates how L&D teams can improve and maximize the ROI of corporate training. This demonstrates how you can maximize the ROI by adopting our approach, based on Kirkpatrick’s model of training evaluation. How To Maximize ROI In Corporate Training: A Case Study. What Is ROI On Corporate Training, And Why Is This Measurement Critical Gor L&D Teams? eLearning ROI Case Study. MORE
Professionals involved must be prepared to step up to the challenge of showing the value of major programs and initiatives, not only when impact and ROI are requested, but ideally before the request is made. The challenge is to decide which programs are evaluated at impact and ROI. MORE
Following a keynote by Ed Cohen, former CLO at Booz and now head of Satyam Computer Services’ School of Leadership, we launched into a ThinkTank session chaired by Cedric Coco of Lowe’s with observations from Kent Barnett (Knowledge Advisors), Michael Echols (Bellevue University’s Human Capital Lab), and Patti Phillips (of The ROI Institute). Kent: Industry looks backward, defending our budgets (but human capital is all about the future). ROI is the answer. MORE
Phillips is the chairman, and Patti P. Phillips is president and CEO of the ROI Institute. In 2010, the ROI Institute conducted a major study sponsored by the Association for Talent Development to understand the executive view of learning and development investments. 1 measure of L&D investments preferred by executives is business impact, followed by ROI. 1 answer selected (by 78 percent) was: “I approve the budget with input from others.” MORE
As per the model, evaluation should always start off with level one, followed by levels two, three, and four if time and budgets permit. Since Kirkpatrick stated his original model, other theorists like Jack Phillips, have referred to a fifth level, namely, Return On Investment (ROI). It was while writing his thesis in 1952 that Donald Kirkpatrick became interested in evaluating training programs. MORE
Phillips is chairman and Patti P. Phillips is president and CEO of the ROI Institute. Think about the logical chain of value from any learning program: level 1, reaction; level 2, learning; level 3, application; level 4, impact; and level 5, ROI. If it can predict level 4, it can predict level 5, the ROI, because the ROI calculation is based on improvements in the actual impact. Given tight budgets and scarce resources, this is a reasonable request. MORE
Evaluating Learning Analytics and Measuring ROI. Data Points to Prove the ROI of Learning Analytics. Evaluating Learning Analytics and Measuring ROI. It’s the most recognized method of evaluating a training program’s ROI. Adding ROI to Kirkpatrick. MORE
However, an overwhelming 61% of training leaders said that they don’t measure training ROI. . With over 80 respondents, our training ROI survey uncovered the real reasons businesses aren’t calculating success, and the important ways to overcome these barriers. . “We MORE
Wednesday, December 4, 2019, 9AM – 10AM PT: What Caused the ROI? In this session, Dr. Patti Phillips, CEO, ROI Institute, Inc., The only way to secure the budget and resources L&D will need for 2020 is to be able to show the impact on the business. MORE
The impact or importance of learning on achieving the goal may be a Kirkpatrick/Phillips level 3, 4, or 5 quantitative measure (a number), or it may be expressed qualitatively (like high, medium, low). Levels 4 (impact) and 5 (net dollar benefits or ROI) are recommended for key programs. budget and opportunity costs, program and vendor management, cycle times, reach, and other key indicators. MORE
The critical metrics for linking sales enablement to desired business outcomes, and growing your budget over time. Join this interactive webcast with Jack and Patti Phillips as they describe how you can design for and demonstrate results of your sales training. Identify the drivers for impact and ROI. Do you have an unlimited travel budget to allow them to attend training? " Klee, shamrocks, luck, nature " by Kathleen Bergmann is Public Domain. MORE
Evaluation of training and development ensures that the training programs bring in cost-efficiency in the system by effectively improving the work quality and development of new employee skills within a certain budget. Related Read: 5 Ways to Boost Training ROI with Evaluation Tools. MORE
This approach is advocated by all the leaders in our field including Jack and Patti Phillips, Jim and Wendy Kirkpatrick, Roy Pollak, et al. Jack Phillips introduced the level 5 measure of ROI to address this issue. Work backward from your planned level of improvement to identify all the steps required along with appropriate resources such as staff and budget, measures, roles and responsibilities. MORE
ROI experts Jack and Patti Phillips argue that this increased attention is a result of training sponsors who apply pressure on training professionals to focus on measurement and evaluation. In recent years, the topic of training retention has garnered greater attention. MORE
Are they simply another budget line item or overhead cost? How long can L&D organizations expect this to continue if they can''t prove to their stakeholders their training tools and programs are effectively influencing employee performance and driving ROI? L&D is no different—except to the extent that professionals must work even harder to demonstrate impactful training outcomes and ROI. "In MORE
This starts by setting objectives at different levels for reaction, learning, application, impact, even ROI when needed. Finally, for programs that are very expensive, important and strategic, the evaluation should be pushed to ROI (Level 5), usually in 5 percent of programs. The good news is these measurement targets can be achieved within most budgets. Top-executives who provide budgets need results for future funding decisions. Phillips is the chairman, and Patti P. MORE
Tuesday, October 1, 2019, 9AM – 10AM PT: Demonstrating the ROI in Leadership Development Organizations worldwide spend billions on leadership development; yet, for many organizations, little evidence exists that those investments are paying off. Join Patti Phillips, CEO of ROI Institute, and Katharine Aldana, Learning and Development Design Manager for Verizon, as they demonstrate how you can show the impact and ROI of your leadership development programs. MORE
What should you say to a senior manager who sees cutting the training budget as a way to make significant savings? The Kirkpatrick/Phillips model shows us how and why to assess training outcomes. Instead of a set of data, it involves a chain of measurable proofs of benefit, as shown in the Kirkpatrick/Phillips pyramid. The Kirkpatrick/Phillips pyramid identifies five dimensions that form a sequence: What is the value created for my company? – ROI. MORE
We address these issues, as we discuss return on investment (ROI), and the importance of establishing clear business needs and program objectives. Realizing that ROI Isn’t Difficult! Working out ROI for distance‐learning efforts needn’t be a mystery. Properly measuring ROI provides an answer to the crucial question: for every dollar invested in distance learning, how many dollars are returned after the investment is recovered? Calculating ROI. MORE
While there are many other learning models we’ve yet to cover, the one we’re asked about most often that’s not mentioned in our original series is Phillips' Learning Evaluation Model. In a nutshell, Phillips' model focuses on how to: collect data, isolate the impact of training versus the impact of other factors, and. Tip: Find out even more about Phillips' Model for Learning Evaluation in Jack Phillips' book.). Don’t assume reduced costs = ROI. MORE
Calculating Return on Investment (ROI) is no easy feat for most any project. And, measuring the ROI for your training programs is no exception. What Is ROI? In simplest terms, ROI is the gain that results from an investment. Program budget allocations are determined by the business impact of those investments. There are a number of online resources that explain ROI in more detail. Useful Resources for Making Your ROI Calculations. MORE
Recently, an individual with an executive coaching firm contacted us and asked to visit for a day to learn how to measure the ROI for coaching. We showed him how to evaluate a coaching project at the impact and ROI level. After spending a day learning how the methodology works and what is involved, he concluded the ROI Methodology is an appropriate, effective process. This is a great way to show the business value, and even the financial ROI,” he said. MORE
The price of oil is causing uncertainty and reducing budgets in oil producing countries. This is a good time to reflect on how executives see the learning and development budget. Learning needs more budget not less. The gorilla is willing to listen to us if you have data that shows these programs delivered a positive ROI. You now have ROI on an executive agenda. Major projects or programs need financial ROI showing they were a good investment. MORE
Something must be done so that business leaders can find useful and pertinent information about the effectiveness of training programs, make better use of the training budget, and obtain the results they seek. Jack and Patti Phillips’ model of evaluation emphasizes the importance of tying evaluation to learning objectives. It is essential in today’s business environment to demonstrate an impact from learning initiatives. MORE
Kirkpatrick said the issue has grown in significance since the financial crisis, as organizations examine all functional budgets more closely. “Now everybody is under the gun, and for the most part training budgets and training providers have failed to demonstrate business value.” Jack Phillips, chairman of ROI Institute Inc., To measure level 4, or impact, Phillips said learning leaders take the predetermined outcome measure. MORE
In this article, I would like to focus on the fifth level, which was suggested for addition by Jack Phillips. Return on Investment (ROI) When evaluating the effectiveness of training, it is customary to consider an additional level of the Kirkpatrick’s model, namely, the ROI methodology, developed by Jack Phillips in 1991. In most cases, it is the management that insists on using the ROI methodology for assessing the results of training and personnel development. MORE
Thursday, October 4, 2018, 6AM – 7AM PT: Microlearning: 5 Techniques to Improve Job Proficiency and Prove ROI on Training Investments (Free for ATD members) How can organizations measure the impact of training investments and whether employees are applying learning in the field? Join Neha Gupta of True Office Learning, as she evaluates common e-learning capabilities for cognitive soundness, meaningful engagement, impactful efficacy, and measurable ROI. MORE
Recently, an individual with an executive coaching firm contacted us and asked to visit for a day to learn how to measure the ROI for coaching. We showed him how to evaluate a coaching project at the impact and ROI level. After spending a day learning how the methodology works and what is involved, he concluded the ROI Methodology is an appropriate, effective process. This is a great way to show the business value, and even the financial ROI,” he said. MORE
CLO Magazine
JUNE 10, 2020
Budgets have been cut or are under scrutiny. Here are 7 ways to minimize resources and still show the value of a major program at the impact and ROI levels. It’s important for every member of the team to share the responsibilities for designing, developing and delivering impact and ROI.
Watershed
APRIL 4, 2017
While there are many other learning models we’ve yet to cover, the one we’re asked about most often that’s not mentioned in our original series is Phillips' Learning Evaluation Model. In a nutshell, Phillips' model focuses on how to: collect data, isolate the impact of training versus the impact of other factors, and. Tip: Find out even more about Phillips' Model for Learning Evaluation in Jack Phillips' book.). Don’t assume reduced costs = ROI.
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CLO Magazine
JUNE 6, 2018
When you think about ROI, you likely think of businesses and service organizations. In recent years, however, there has been a rise of ROI use among nonprofits, non-governmental organizations, governments and healthcare. How are these organizations using the ROI Methodology to show the value of their projects and programs? The Phillips ROI Methodology is a 10-step process organizations can use to show the value of programs and initiatives. Phillips, Ph.D.,
Geenio
NOVEMBER 13, 2015
In this article, I would like to focus on the fifth level, which was suggested for addition by Jack Phillips. Return on Investment (ROI) When evaluating the effectiveness of training, it is customary to consider an additional level of the Kirkpatrick’s model, namely, the ROI methodology, developed by Jack Phillips in 1991. In most cases, it is the management that insists on using the ROI methodology for assessing the results of training and personnel development.
Obsidian Learning
MAY 10, 2016
New post Evaluating Training – Capturing the Benefits Aspect of ROI on Obsidian Learning. Reactions to a learning event are important and the happy sheets do serve a purpose, but will they really provide enough hard data for informed decision making when greater investment in training is needed, budgets are cut, competition for resources is fierce, and times get tough? Calculating ROI. The formula to calculate ROI in this way is: ROI (%) = Benefit – Cost x 100 Cost.
LearnUpon
NOVEMBER 18, 2020
However, an overwhelming 61% of training leaders said that they don’t measure training ROI. . With over 80 respondents, our training ROI survey uncovered the real reasons businesses aren’t calculating success, and the important ways to overcome these barriers. . “We
EI Design
JANUARY 9, 2019
I share an eLearning ROI case study that demonstrates how L&D teams can improve and maximize the ROI of corporate training. This demonstrates how you can maximize the ROI by adopting our approach, based on Kirkpatrick’s model of training evaluation. How To Maximize ROI In Corporate Training: A Case Study. What Is ROI On Corporate Training, And Why Is This Measurement Critical Gor L&D Teams? eLearning ROI Case Study.
CLO Magazine
MAY 1, 2019
Phillips is chairman and Patti P. Phillips is president and CEO of the ROI Institute. Think about the logical chain of value from any learning program: level 1, reaction; level 2, learning; level 3, application; level 4, impact; and level 5, ROI. If it can predict level 4, it can predict level 5, the ROI, because the ROI calculation is based on improvements in the actual impact. Given tight budgets and scarce resources, this is a reasonable request.
Training Industry
AUGUST 15, 2017
Jack and Patti Phillips of the ROI Institute argue that training organizations that don't have an extensive measurement and evaluation system are likely to see a reduction or elimination of their budget. Knowledgepool surveyed over 200 learning and HR professionals and concluded that training budgets are reduced when the individuals responsible for the function fail to demonstrate the business value that their programs provide to the larger organization.
Lambda Solutions
JUNE 14, 2020
Evaluating Learning Analytics and Measuring ROI. Data Points to Prove the ROI of Learning Analytics. Evaluating Learning Analytics and Measuring ROI. It’s the most recognized method of evaluating a training program’s ROI. Adding ROI to Kirkpatrick.
Jay Cross
SEPTEMBER 27, 2008
Following a keynote by Ed Cohen, former CLO at Booz and now head of Satyam Computer Services’ School of Leadership, we launched into a ThinkTank session chaired by Cedric Coco of Lowe’s with observations from Kent Barnett (Knowledge Advisors), Michael Echols (Bellevue University’s Human Capital Lab), and Patti Phillips (of The ROI Institute). Kent: Industry looks backward, defending our budgets (but human capital is all about the future). ROI is the answer.
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CLO Magazine
OCTOBER 18, 2016
The price of oil is causing uncertainty and reducing budgets in oil producing countries. This is a good time to reflect on how executives see the learning and development budget. Learning needs more budget not less. The gorilla is willing to listen to us if you have data that shows these programs delivered a positive ROI. You now have ROI on an executive agenda. Major projects or programs need financial ROI showing they were a good investment.
CLO Magazine
APRIL 10, 2018
Phillips is the chairman, and Patti P. Phillips is president and CEO of the ROI Institute. In 2010, the ROI Institute conducted a major study sponsored by the Association for Talent Development to understand the executive view of learning and development investments. 1 measure of L&D investments preferred by executives is business impact, followed by ROI. 1 answer selected (by 78 percent) was: “I approve the budget with input from others.”
CLO Magazine
FEBRUARY 7, 2017
Recently, an individual with an executive coaching firm contacted us and asked to visit for a day to learn how to measure the ROI for coaching. We showed him how to evaluate a coaching project at the impact and ROI level. After spending a day learning how the methodology works and what is involved, he concluded the ROI Methodology is an appropriate, effective process. This is a great way to show the business value, and even the financial ROI,” he said.
CLO Magazine
FEBRUARY 6, 2017
Recently, an individual with an executive coaching firm contacted us and asked to visit for a day to learn how to measure the ROI for coaching. We showed him how to evaluate a coaching project at the impact and ROI level. After spending a day learning how the methodology works and what is involved, he concluded the ROI Methodology is an appropriate, effective process. This is a great way to show the business value, and even the financial ROI,” he said.
Learning Wire
JULY 22, 2016
What should you say to a senior manager who sees cutting the training budget as a way to make significant savings? The Kirkpatrick/Phillips model shows us how and why to assess training outcomes. Instead of a set of data, it involves a chain of measurable proofs of benefit, as shown in the Kirkpatrick/Phillips pyramid. The Kirkpatrick/Phillips pyramid identifies five dimensions that form a sequence: What is the value created for my company? – ROI.
Kitaboo
JULY 14, 2020
Evaluation of training and development ensures that the training programs bring in cost-efficiency in the system by effectively improving the work quality and development of new employee skills within a certain budget. Related Read: 5 Ways to Boost Training ROI with Evaluation Tools.
Training Industry
MARCH 28, 2017
Something must be done so that business leaders can find useful and pertinent information about the effectiveness of training programs, make better use of the training budget, and obtain the results they seek. Jack and Patti Phillips’ model of evaluation emphasizes the importance of tying evaluation to learning objectives. It is essential in today’s business environment to demonstrate an impact from learning initiatives.
Limestone Learning
NOVEMBER 30, 2020
Professionals involved must be prepared to step up to the challenge of showing the value of major programs and initiatives, not only when impact and ROI are requested, but ideally before the request is made. The challenge is to decide which programs are evaluated at impact and ROI.
Learning Wire
SEPTEMBER 14, 2015
We address these issues, as we discuss return on investment (ROI), and the importance of establishing clear business needs and program objectives. Realizing that ROI Isn’t Difficult! Working out ROI for distance‐learning efforts needn’t be a mystery. Properly measuring ROI provides an answer to the crucial question: for every dollar invested in distance learning, how many dollars are returned after the investment is recovered? Calculating ROI.
Limestone Learning
NOVEMBER 30, 2019
Wednesday, December 4, 2019, 9AM – 10AM PT: What Caused the ROI? In this session, Dr. Patti Phillips, CEO, ROI Institute, Inc., The only way to secure the budget and resources L&D will need for 2020 is to be able to show the impact on the business.
CLO Magazine
AUGUST 24, 2013
Kirkpatrick said the issue has grown in significance since the financial crisis, as organizations examine all functional budgets more closely. “Now everybody is under the gun, and for the most part training budgets and training providers have failed to demonstrate business value.” Jack Phillips, chairman of ROI Institute Inc., To measure level 4, or impact, Phillips said learning leaders take the predetermined outcome measure.
CLO Magazine
AUGUST 17, 2016
This starts by setting objectives at different levels for reaction, learning, application, impact, even ROI when needed. Finally, for programs that are very expensive, important and strategic, the evaluation should be pushed to ROI (Level 5), usually in 5 percent of programs. The good news is these measurement targets can be achieved within most budgets. Top-executives who provide budgets need results for future funding decisions. Phillips is the chairman, and Patti P.
Learnnovators
JUNE 26, 2013
As per the model, evaluation should always start off with level one, followed by levels two, three, and four if time and budgets permit. Since Kirkpatrick stated his original model, other theorists like Jack Phillips, have referred to a fifth level, namely, Return On Investment (ROI). It was while writing his thesis in 1952 that Donald Kirkpatrick became interested in evaluating training programs.
Training Industry
JULY 11, 2017
ROI experts Jack and Patti Phillips argue that this increased attention is a result of training sponsors who apply pressure on training professionals to focus on measurement and evaluation. In recent years, the topic of training retention has garnered greater attention.
CLO Magazine
APRIL 24, 2017
In fact, the CFO usually has approval for the budget before the CEO approves it. For more than 100 years, CFOs have been using ROI for capital expenditures. One told us, “They already hate us because of the budget process, now they are going to hate us even more when they perceive us as measuring their performance.” CFOs may have no idea how to connect leadership development to a financial ROI, but chances are, you do. Phillips is the chairman and Patti P.
Learnnovators
JUNE 27, 2013
As per the model, evaluation should always start off with level one, followed by levels two, three, and four if time and budgets permit. Since Kirkpatrick stated his original model, other theorists like Jack Phillips, have referred to a fifth level, namely, Return On Investment (ROI). It was while writing his thesis in 1952 that Donald Kirkpatrick became interested in evaluating training programs.
Limestone Learning
SEPTEMBER 29, 2019
Tuesday, October 1, 2019, 9AM – 10AM PT: Demonstrating the ROI in Leadership Development Organizations worldwide spend billions on leadership development; yet, for many organizations, little evidence exists that those investments are paying off. Join Patti Phillips, CEO of ROI Institute, and Katharine Aldana, Learning and Development Design Manager for Verizon, as they demonstrate how you can show the impact and ROI of your leadership development programs.
Xyleme
MAY 16, 2014
Are they simply another budget line item or overhead cost? How long can L&D organizations expect this to continue if they can''t prove to their stakeholders their training tools and programs are effectively influencing employee performance and driving ROI? L&D is no different—except to the extent that professionals must work even harder to demonstrate impactful training outcomes and ROI. "In
CLO Magazine
DECEMBER 20, 2016
This approach is advocated by all the leaders in our field including Jack and Patti Phillips, Jim and Wendy Kirkpatrick, Roy Pollak, et al. Jack Phillips introduced the level 5 measure of ROI to address this issue. Work backward from your planned level of improvement to identify all the steps required along with appropriate resources such as staff and budget, measures, roles and responsibilities.
Limestone Learning
APRIL 27, 2018
Tuesday, May 1, 2018, 11AM – 12PM PT: The ROI Dilemma: Measuring Results of Your Learning Programs (Free for ATD members) Significant resources are being allocated to training and development across most organizations, but many companies still find themselves unsure of results. L&D can’t prove ROI using the same methods other parts of the business do. Much of the effort around expensive ILT is focused on reducing costs as a means of improving ROI.
Convergence Training
NOVEMBER 19, 2019
People talk about the Philips model (aka ROI) , the Kaufman model , Roger Kaufman’s work, and Rob Brinkerhoff as well through the success case methodology. And okay, if we can just walk through each of the four models you talked about–Kirkpatrick, Phillips, Kaufman, and Brinckerhoff–and maybe you can explain to people, especially people who may not have heard of any of these, what they are and what are some pros and cons of each. Jack & Patti Phillips: [link].
Limestone Learning
SEPTEMBER 28, 2018
Thursday, October 4, 2018, 6AM – 7AM PT: Microlearning: 5 Techniques to Improve Job Proficiency and Prove ROI on Training Investments (Free for ATD members) How can organizations measure the impact of training investments and whether employees are applying learning in the field? Join Neha Gupta of True Office Learning, as she evaluates common e-learning capabilities for cognitive soundness, meaningful engagement, impactful efficacy, and measurable ROI.
CLO Magazine
MAY 16, 2011
The impact or importance of learning on achieving the goal may be a Kirkpatrick/Phillips level 3, 4, or 5 quantitative measure (a number), or it may be expressed qualitatively (like high, medium, low). Levels 4 (impact) and 5 (net dollar benefits or ROI) are recommended for key programs. budget and opportunity costs, program and vendor management, cycle times, reach, and other key indicators.
Limestone Learning
FEBRUARY 28, 2018
The critical metrics for linking sales enablement to desired business outcomes, and growing your budget over time. Join this interactive webcast with Jack and Patti Phillips as they describe how you can design for and demonstrate results of your sales training. Identify the drivers for impact and ROI. Do you have an unlimited travel budget to allow them to attend training? " Klee, shamrocks, luck, nature " by Kathleen Bergmann is Public Domain.
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