Expert insights. Personalized for you.
Think about being more present and multitasking less. Mindfulness is a popular practice in yoga and meditation but it also applies in the workplace, specifically with mindful communication. Be more thoughtful about the tone you use. Develop empathy for your coworkers, customers, and suppliers. MORE
Sticky notes started appearing on computers, calendars were full of scheduled meetings, and multitasking became the buzzword. Multitasking —One fact you should know: multitasking is a myth. You may think you are multitasking when you are on the phone, cutting carrots for dinner and watching your kids, but in truth, you are using other forms of attention that don’t require high cognitive skills. Do you sometimes feel like the White Rabbit from Alice in Wonderland ? MORE
Research led by Dr Helen Hodgetts and Professor Dylan Jones at Cardiff University has shown that pop-ups that appear on your screen to herald the arrival of new emails, tweets, etc. slow down your work by more than you think. The research showed that even an interruption of a few seconds loses us a disproportionate amount of time as we try to find our place. This gem was reported in the Brighton Evening Argus , not normally the first place you look for the latest research. MORE
As way of background for this month's big question - , I went to eLearning Learning and looked up Multitasking. " Also disconcerting, he notes, is that "people who chronically multitask believe they're good at it." " Will Thalheimer - Younger Generation NOT Good at Multitasking Either! It says: People in general are not good at multitasking. Young people are no better than their elders at multitasking. Multitasking actually takes longer. MORE
Previously, we examined multitasking , uncovering the fact that the human brain cannot perform two tasks at the exact same time. The origin of the term “multitasking” is in reference to a computer’s ability to simultaneously complete multiple tasks.) The article recommends that focus be on effective task management rather than multitasking. Ask A Gen Y multitasking productivity task management MORE
A few weeks ago I wrote on the Onlignment blog about The multitask assumption. By this I meant the assumption you can safely make with any webinar that a good proportion of the audience is multitasking - you know, checking emails, answering the phone, listening to music, finishing off a report, and so on. Your webinar audience might think that they're multitasking, but they're not. Yes we can multitask as long as only one of those tasks is making use of our working memory. MORE
Nix Multitasking. Multitasking is a myth. No one really multitasks. While multitasking can make us feel more productive, it makes us unproductive. Business awareness breathing breathing exercises concentration considerate gratitude job pressure job stress meditation mindful mindfulness multitasking office pressure office stress present stress stress relief work pressure work stressThroughout the year, work consistently ranks as one of the nation’s top stressors. MORE
The Myth of Multitasking - The New Atlantis. Study: Social networks may subvert 'digital divide' - c/net. What we found was that students using social networking sites are actually practicing the kinds of 21st century skills we want them to develop to be successful today," Christine Greenhow, a learning technologies researcher from the school's College of Education and Human Development, said in a release Friday. Water woes, trouble, and training - Dave's Whiteboard. MORE
Our team of multitasking, multi-talented producers outlined their tried-and-true recommendations to help you reach modern learning MVP status. We know virtual classrooms include technology bells and whistles designed to promote learner engagement. But how do instructors manage so many moving parts? We highly recommend bringing in a second set of hands to help juggle everything. The best option? A technical or instructional producer. MORE
Uncategorized energy multitasking productivity single-tasking time managementSingle-tasking: A Way to Boost Your Productivity and Energy - Read more by Hope Williams on Training Industry. MORE
When multitasking, productivity decreases up to 40% and stress rises. Harvard Business Review’s Peter Bregman spent a week consciously not multitasking and writes about it. Hit the jump - How (and Why) to Stop Multitasking. Related posts: Multitasking or Attention Switching? Tags: eLearning Harvard Business Review Instructional Design Multitasking Multitasking or Attention Switching X Multitasking Vs Attention Switching MORE
Came across this article in the NYT Bits Blog – Multitasking Takes Toll on Memory ; states quite simply that the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has published research which shows that multitasking takes a significant toll on the working memory of older individuals. Multitasking or excessive task switching may not be the best for our memory skills. eLearning Multitasking Multitasking or Attention Switching MORE
High Performance Culture High-Performance Workforce HR Insights Productivity Talent Management Training, Learning & Development Featured multitasking MORE
It enables us to multitask like never before. When we talk about multitasking, we are really talking about attention.” –Christine Rosen, The Myth of Multitasking. One study estimates that multitasking costs global businesses $450 billion each year. The research shows that people who engage in multitasking actually end up wasting 40 percent of their productive time switching between tasks. Multitasking ends up making us ineffectual. MORE
Christine Rosen writes on The Myth of Multitasking, The New Atlantis, on the different studies debunking the idea that we learn best by multi-tasking. And when we sort of force ourselves to multitask, we're driving ourselves to perhaps be less efficient in the long run even though it sometimes feels like we're being more efficient." MORE
In fact, her approach to facilitation acknowledges that, “The brains that we have are not geared toward multitasking, and as we are trying to juggle a lot of things, we change – for me, I change topics every fifteen minutes or every hour.”. As we deal with more demands on our time and new generations join the workforce, engaging learners and helping them become successful at their jobs becomes more and more challenging. MORE
However, the amount a person attempts to multitask does have an effect on cognitive control. PLOS ONE research indicates that individuals who partake in heavier media multitasking have less cognitive control. Furthermore, many workers try to multitask during meetings, compounding the problem. MORE
Caveats to Multitasking is Generally Bad for Work and Learning See my post on Multitasking for a summary of this. Or Clive Shepherd's How should presenters address multitasking? simple statement: Multitasking is an illusion – we are simply not capable of doing it. Multitasking Doodling and Notetaking are good. It’s one multitasking practice that I’m good at. Clive Shepherd - How should presenters address multitasking? Multitasking learners? MORE
Multitasking Muddles Brains, Even When the Computer Is Off - Wired. What happens to people who multitasking all the time? In every test, students who spent less time simultaneously reading e-mail, surfing the web, talking on the phone and watching TV performed best.hey fare significantly worse than their low-multitasking peers. Love-Hate Theory, Learner Motivation, Connectivism and Other Such Thoughts. Sahana Chattopadhyay in ID and Other Reflections. MORE
Multitasking is a hot topic for researchers and practitioners alike. However, there are different perceptions of what multitasking actually entails. Researchers focus on the human brain’s ability to multitask, while practitioners focus on the impact of multitasking the workplace. The dichotomy that comes into play is whether multitasking is performing more than one task simultaneously or toggling back and forth from one task to another. MORE
Many learners believe that they are good at multitasking; even more believe that they successfully “media multitask”—simultaneously process multiple streams of media information. Do they? Research indicates that they do not. Learning Research Performance Support MORE
After two years of living in pandemic mode, we look at time differently. Because many people rearranged their lives so they could spend more time on what they value and less time doing unfulfilling work, we’re MORE
Multitasking Can Make You Lose. When it comes to Multitasking, it depends what you're doing. Typewriter stays relevant in technology-saturated world Boing Boing & LA Times. But the typewriter part of Flores' business never went away. In some ways, it's even made a small resurgence. The simplicity of the typewriter is alluring to writers who may be overwhelmed (or underwhelmed) by increasingly elaborate technology. MORE
Employee attempts to multitask are putting a serious damper on their performance. Digital Third Coast Content Manager Andy Kerns defined multitasking as the act of switching back and forth between multiple tasks — different from what many people believe the behavior to be: literally completing multiple tasks on a to-do list simultaneously. He compared multitasking to revving an engine and why highway mileage is better than city mileage on a car’s gas tank. MORE
Even the most committed learners and seasoned virtual classroom experts have a tendency to multitask in this learning environment. Think back to the last webinar or virtual training session you attended. I’m willing to bet that you divided your attention between the event and other things like email, lunch, or a pressing project. We don’t judge! MORE
Here's how technology has impacted online learning, and what we can do to adopt better learning habits. This post was first published on eLearning Industry. eLearning For Kids Brain Facts eLearning Best Practices Learners Attention Online Learners MORE
The question was prompted to some extent by my post Multitasking is now every presenter’s problem , in which I put forward the notion that it wasn’t just webinar presenters who had to deal with their audience multitasking, this was now rife at face-to-face events as well. I’m not going to rework the arguments here, but I would like to clarify my own thoughts and conclusions: Multitasking is an illusion – we are simply not capable of doing it. MORE
Given the challenges of multitasking amidst distractions, it comes as no surprise that employees do not invest the required time in training. In this article, I share 10 L&D strategies you must adopt to engage and train these overwhelmed employees. MORE
The post So You Think You Can Multitask… appeared first on Training Industry. Uncategorized brain science neuroscience time management MORE
The post The Myth of Multitasking: Another Case for Performance Support appeared first on Social Learning Blog. eLearning performance support elearning multitasking Have you ever been sitting in a training course, perhaps learning all about the fabulous new vendor management system your organization is implementing, when you felt that familiar buzz in your pocket? A new email has arrived via your smart phone and you just can’t resist responding. But not to [.] MORE
Employees always seem to be multitasking, dealing with heavy workloads, and trying to keep customers content. They need training resources that are quick, convenient, and mobile-friendly. Here are some tips to develop multi-device online training to bridge the gaps and offer continual support. MORE
Tags: doodling multitasking notetaking Memory MORE
iOS 15 Support for Multitasking. Multitasking is even more powerful in iOS 15, and we are taking advantage of it right away. You can also use the multitask button at the top of the screen, seen below. I can easily switch between full-screen mode and multitask at the same time. MORE
Uncategorized multitasking productivity singletasking time managementSingletasking: Do More, One Task at a Time - Read more by Hope Williams on Training Industry. MORE
Over the past few years, some research has helped us to better discern between reality and myth regarding our ability to multitask. The post Are we really good at multitasking? The short answer: unfortunately, not as good as we think we are…. MORE
Perhaps most interesting of all is the assertion that;“Learners cannot multitask; they task switch which negatively impacts learning” –The popular image of the digital native has them carrying out multiple tasks in parallel, but in fact this is not how our brains operate. this bears out, the idea that learning is most effective when learners focus on the learning rather than multitasking is an important point to consider when designing mobile-first experiences. MORE
Do you consider yourself a multitasker? Of course you are a multitasker – or are you? Multitasking was once the darling of the workplace, using the latest tools to get more things done at the same time. Yet recent research shows that multitasking is a myth. Just consider the types of tasks you are doing when you apparently “multitask.” What you‘ve discovered is that multitasking, when it comes to doing simultaneous high-level cognitive tasks, is a myth. MORE
Agile provides a function model to address many of the nuances involved in work today, including multitasking and unclear boundaries. Virtually There Session Recap. Agile’s all the rage with our organizations and teams right now. And for good reason! Agile allows teams to purposefully come together to focus on a single project in an environment that learns from failure. That’s a big deal in today’s competitive landscape. Virtually There Agile Learning Modern Workplace MORE
As a general search on the web will reveal, there is quite a debate about multitasking and task switching. He needs to either multitask – to monitor the word streams and identify the words that occur in the set, or he must constantly switch focus from window to window. Tags: Upside Learning Attention Switching Game Based Learning Multitasking Multitasking or Attention Switching X Multitasking Vs Attention Switching MORE
Multitasking – The Challenge. I feel almost hypocritical writing a post about multitasking because I got as far as writing out the title and was distracted by numerous other items that popped up. There is a difference though between last minute items that can interfere with a task at hand and self-inflicted hyper-tasking and multitasking. Time management and multitasking are like water and oil. Emotional Intelligence Time Management multitasking time management MORE
In my previous post, I talked about the boundless possibilities of m-learning since anything can trigger a learning experience when we use today´s multitasking portable devices. I also defined mobile learning as a limitless knowledge-building enabler and now, I would like to explore that concept a little bit further by referring to the built-in capabilities of mobile devices and the multiple interaction types as well as learning activities they can promote. MORE
Multitasking Related Topics Upside Learning
APRIL 22, 2010
As a general search on the web will reveal, there is quite a debate about multitasking and task switching. He needs to either multitask – to monitor the word streams and identify the words that occur in the set, or he must constantly switch focus from window to window. Tags: Upside Learning Attention Switching Game Based Learning Multitasking Multitasking or Attention Switching X Multitasking Vs Attention Switching
Upside Learning
MAY 27, 2010
When multitasking, productivity decreases up to 40% and stress rises. Harvard Business Review’s Peter Bregman spent a week consciously not multitasking and writes about it. Hit the jump - How (and Why) to Stop Multitasking. Related posts: Multitasking or Attention Switching? Tags: eLearning Harvard Business Review Instructional Design Multitasking Multitasking or Attention Switching X Multitasking Vs Attention Switching
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Tony Karrer
OCTOBER 6, 2009
As way of background for this month's big question - , I went to eLearning Learning and looked up Multitasking. " Also disconcerting, he notes, is that "people who chronically multitask believe they're good at it." " Will Thalheimer - Younger Generation NOT Good at Multitasking Either! It says: People in general are not good at multitasking. Young people are no better than their elders at multitasking. Multitasking actually takes longer.
Upside Learning
APRIL 13, 2011
Came across this article in the NYT Bits Blog – Multitasking Takes Toll on Memory ; states quite simply that the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has published research which shows that multitasking takes a significant toll on the working memory of older individuals. Multitasking or excessive task switching may not be the best for our memory skills. eLearning Multitasking Multitasking or Attention Switching
InSync Training
JULY 18, 2019
Even the most committed learners and seasoned virtual classroom experts have a tendency to multitask in this learning environment. Think back to the last webinar or virtual training session you attended. I’m willing to bet that you divided your attention between the event and other things like email, lunch, or a pressing project. We don’t judge!
Dashe & Thomson
MAY 21, 2013
The post The Myth of Multitasking: Another Case for Performance Support appeared first on Social Learning Blog. eLearning performance support elearning multitasking Have you ever been sitting in a training course, perhaps learning all about the fabulous new vendor management system your organization is implementing, when you felt that familiar buzz in your pocket? A new email has arrived via your smart phone and you just can’t resist responding. But not to [.]
Edmego Learning
JULY 28, 2016
Multitasking – The Challenge. I feel almost hypocritical writing a post about multitasking because I got as far as writing out the title and was distracted by numerous other items that popped up. There is a difference though between last minute items that can interfere with a task at hand and self-inflicted hyper-tasking and multitasking. Time management and multitasking are like water and oil. Emotional Intelligence Time Management multitasking time management
Dan Keckan
SEPTEMBER 3, 2021
Here's how technology has impacted online learning, and what we can do to adopt better learning habits. This post was first published on eLearning Industry. eLearning For Kids Brain Facts eLearning Best Practices Learners Attention Online Learners
KnowledgeOne
MARCH 3, 2020
Over the past few years, some research has helped us to better discern between reality and myth regarding our ability to multitask. The post Are we really good at multitasking? The short answer: unfortunately, not as good as we think we are….
Unicorn Training
AUGUST 2, 2017
Perhaps most interesting of all is the assertion that;“Learners cannot multitask; they task switch which negatively impacts learning” –The popular image of the digital native has them carrying out multiple tasks in parallel, but in fact this is not how our brains operate. this bears out, the idea that learning is most effective when learners focus on the learning rather than multitasking is an important point to consider when designing mobile-first experiences.
Lars is Learning
MARCH 15, 2009
Tags: doodling multitasking notetaking Memory
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Training Industry
AUGUST 21, 2018
The post So You Think You Can Multitask… appeared first on Training Industry. Uncategorized brain science neuroscience time management
KnowledgeCity
FEBRUARY 7, 2018
It enables us to multitask like never before. When we talk about multitasking, we are really talking about attention.” –Christine Rosen, The Myth of Multitasking. One study estimates that multitasking costs global businesses $450 billion each year. The research shows that people who engage in multitasking actually end up wasting 40 percent of their productive time switching between tasks. Multitasking ends up making us ineffectual.
Tony Karrer
OCTOBER 29, 2009
Caveats to Multitasking is Generally Bad for Work and Learning See my post on Multitasking for a summary of this. Or Clive Shepherd's How should presenters address multitasking? simple statement: Multitasking is an illusion – we are simply not capable of doing it. Multitasking Doodling and Notetaking are good. It’s one multitasking practice that I’m good at. Clive Shepherd - How should presenters address multitasking? Multitasking learners?
KnowledgeCity
SEPTEMBER 26, 2018
Do you consider yourself a multitasker? Of course you are a multitasker – or are you? Multitasking was once the darling of the workplace, using the latest tools to get more things done at the same time. Yet recent research shows that multitasking is a myth. Just consider the types of tasks you are doing when you apparently “multitask.” What you‘ve discovered is that multitasking, when it comes to doing simultaneous high-level cognitive tasks, is a myth.
CLO Magazine
MAY 19, 2011
Multitasking is a hot topic for researchers and practitioners alike. However, there are different perceptions of what multitasking actually entails. Researchers focus on the human brain’s ability to multitask, while practitioners focus on the impact of multitasking the workplace. The dichotomy that comes into play is whether multitasking is performing more than one task simultaneously or toggling back and forth from one task to another.
Learning Solutions Magazine
APRIL 4, 2017
Many learners believe that they are good at multitasking; even more believe that they successfully “media multitask”—simultaneously process multiple streams of media information. Do they? Research indicates that they do not. Learning Research Performance Support
ATD Learning Technologies
AUGUST 14, 2012
In my previous post, I talked about the boundless possibilities of m-learning since anything can trigger a learning experience when we use today´s multitasking portable devices. I also defined mobile learning as a limitless knowledge-building enabler and now, I would like to explore that concept a little bit further by referring to the built-in capabilities of mobile devices and the multiple interaction types as well as learning activities they can promote.
TLNT: Training and L&D
NOVEMBER 12, 2020
High Performance Culture High-Performance Workforce HR Insights Productivity Talent Management Training, Learning & Development Featured multitasking
Training Industry
FEBRUARY 10, 2020
Uncategorized multitasking productivity singletasking time managementSingletasking: Do More, One Task at a Time - Read more by Hope Williams on Training Industry.
Training Industry
NOVEMBER 26, 2019
Uncategorized energy multitasking productivity single-tasking time managementSingle-tasking: A Way to Boost Your Productivity and Energy - Read more by Hope Williams on Training Industry.
Clive on Learning
DECEMBER 7, 2009
Research led by Dr Helen Hodgetts and Professor Dylan Jones at Cardiff University has shown that pop-ups that appear on your screen to herald the arrival of new emails, tweets, etc. slow down your work by more than you think. The research showed that even an interruption of a few seconds loses us a disproportionate amount of time as we try to find our place. This gem was reported in the Brighton Evening Argus , not normally the first place you look for the latest research.
Vignettes Learning
JUNE 24, 2008
Christine Rosen writes on The Myth of Multitasking, The New Atlantis, on the different studies debunking the idea that we learn best by multi-tasking. And when we sort of force ourselves to multitask, we're driving ourselves to perhaps be less efficient in the long run even though it sometimes feels like we're being more efficient."
Big Dog, Little Dog
OCTOBER 28, 2008
Multitasking Can Make You Lose. When it comes to Multitasking, it depends what you're doing. Typewriter stays relevant in technology-saturated world Boing Boing & LA Times. But the typewriter part of Flores' business never went away. In some ways, it's even made a small resurgence. The simplicity of the typewriter is alluring to writers who may be overwhelmed (or underwhelmed) by increasingly elaborate technology.
Big Dog, Little Dog
AUGUST 25, 2009
Multitasking Muddles Brains, Even When the Computer Is Off - Wired. What happens to people who multitasking all the time? In every test, students who spent less time simultaneously reading e-mail, surfing the web, talking on the phone and watching TV performed best.hey fare significantly worse than their low-multitasking peers. Love-Hate Theory, Learner Motivation, Connectivism and Other Such Thoughts. Sahana Chattopadhyay in ID and Other Reflections.
Clive on Learning
AUGUST 27, 2009
A few weeks ago I wrote on the Onlignment blog about The multitask assumption. By this I meant the assumption you can safely make with any webinar that a good proportion of the audience is multitasking - you know, checking emails, answering the phone, listening to music, finishing off a report, and so on. Your webinar audience might think that they're multitasking, but they're not. Yes we can multitask as long as only one of those tasks is making use of our working memory.
Big Dog, Little Dog
JUNE 20, 2008
The Myth of Multitasking - The New Atlantis. Study: Social networks may subvert 'digital divide' - c/net. What we found was that students using social networking sites are actually practicing the kinds of 21st century skills we want them to develop to be successful today," Christine Greenhow, a learning technologies researcher from the school's College of Education and Human Development, said in a release Friday. Water woes, trouble, and training - Dave's Whiteboard.
ej4 eLearning
NOVEMBER 5, 2020
Think about being more present and multitasking less. Mindfulness is a popular practice in yoga and meditation but it also applies in the workplace, specifically with mindful communication. Be more thoughtful about the tone you use. Develop empathy for your coworkers, customers, and suppliers.
Clive on Learning
OCTOBER 28, 2009
The question was prompted to some extent by my post Multitasking is now every presenter’s problem , in which I put forward the notion that it wasn’t just webinar presenters who had to deal with their audience multitasking, this was now rife at face-to-face events as well. I’m not going to rework the arguments here, but I would like to clarify my own thoughts and conclusions: Multitasking is an illusion – we are simply not capable of doing it.
KnowledgeCity
JANUARY 11, 2019
Sticky notes started appearing on computers, calendars were full of scheduled meetings, and multitasking became the buzzword. Multitasking —One fact you should know: multitasking is a myth. You may think you are multitasking when you are on the phone, cutting carrots for dinner and watching your kids, but in truth, you are using other forms of attention that don’t require high cognitive skills. Do you sometimes feel like the White Rabbit from Alice in Wonderland ?
KnowledgeCity
JANUARY 22, 2019
However, the amount a person attempts to multitask does have an effect on cognitive control. PLOS ONE research indicates that individuals who partake in heavier media multitasking have less cognitive control. Furthermore, many workers try to multitask during meetings, compounding the problem.
KnowledgeCity
NOVEMBER 26, 2018
Nix Multitasking. Multitasking is a myth. No one really multitasks. While multitasking can make us feel more productive, it makes us unproductive. Business awareness breathing breathing exercises concentration considerate gratitude job pressure job stress meditation mindful mindfulness multitasking office pressure office stress present stress stress relief work pressure work stressThroughout the year, work consistently ranks as one of the nation’s top stressors.
Dan Keckan
FEBRUARY 19, 2022
Employees always seem to be multitasking, dealing with heavy workloads, and trying to keep customers content. They need training resources that are quick, convenient, and mobile-friendly. Here are some tips to develop multi-device online training to bridge the gaps and offer continual support.
CLO Magazine
JULY 25, 2016
Employee attempts to multitask are putting a serious damper on their performance. Digital Third Coast Content Manager Andy Kerns defined multitasking as the act of switching back and forth between multiple tasks — different from what many people believe the behavior to be: literally completing multiple tasks on a to-do list simultaneously. He compared multitasking to revving an engine and why highway mileage is better than city mileage on a car’s gas tank.
Dan Keckan
FEBRUARY 11, 2020
Given the challenges of multitasking amidst distractions, it comes as no surprise that employees do not invest the required time in training. In this article, I share 10 L&D strategies you must adopt to engage and train these overwhelmed employees.
InSync Training
MAY 8, 2018
Agile provides a function model to address many of the nuances involved in work today, including multitasking and unclear boundaries. Virtually There Session Recap. Agile’s all the rage with our organizations and teams right now. And for good reason! Agile allows teams to purposefully come together to focus on a single project in an environment that learns from failure. That’s a big deal in today’s competitive landscape. Virtually There Agile Learning Modern Workplace
CLO Magazine
JUNE 16, 2011
Previously, we examined multitasking , uncovering the fact that the human brain cannot perform two tasks at the exact same time. The origin of the term “multitasking” is in reference to a computer’s ability to simultaneously complete multiple tasks.) The article recommends that focus be on effective task management rather than multitasking. Ask A Gen Y multitasking productivity task management
InSync Training
OCTOBER 9, 2019
Our team of multitasking, multi-talented producers outlined their tried-and-true recommendations to help you reach modern learning MVP status. We know virtual classrooms include technology bells and whistles designed to promote learner engagement. But how do instructors manage so many moving parts? We highly recommend bringing in a second set of hands to help juggle everything. The best option? A technical or instructional producer.
Zunos
SEPTEMBER 16, 2021
iOS 15 Support for Multitasking. Multitasking is even more powerful in iOS 15, and we are taking advantage of it right away. You can also use the multitask button at the top of the screen, seen below. I can easily switch between full-screen mode and multitask at the same time.
InSync Training
NOVEMBER 15, 2018
In fact, her approach to facilitation acknowledges that, “The brains that we have are not geared toward multitasking, and as we are trying to juggle a lot of things, we change – for me, I change topics every fifteen minutes or every hour.”. As we deal with more demands on our time and new generations join the workforce, engaging learners and helping them become successful at their jobs becomes more and more challenging.
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